Christmas is celebrated on December 25 and is both a sacred religious holiday and a worldwide
cultural and
commercial phenomenon. For two millennia, people around the world have been observing it with
traditions and
practices that are both religious and secular in nature.
Christians celebrate Christmas Day as the
anniversary of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, a spiritual leader whose teachings form the basis of
their
religion. Popular customs include exchanging gifts, decorating Christmas trees, attending church,
sharing
meals with family and friends and, of course, waiting for Santa Claus to arrive. December
25—Christmas
Day—has been a federal holiday in the United States since 1870.
The middle of winter has long been a time of celebration around the world. Centuries before the
arrival of the man called Jesus, early Europeans celebrated light and birth in the darkest days of
winter. Many peoples rejoiced during the winter solstice, when the worst of the winter was behind
them and they could look forward to longer days and extended hours of sunlight.
In Scandinavia, the Norse celebrated Yule from December 21, the winter solstice, through January. In
recognition of the return of the sun, fathers and sons would bring home large logs, which they would
set on fire. The people would feast until the log burned out, which could take as many as 12 days.
The Norse believed that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born
during the coming year.
The end of December was a perfect time for celebration in most areas of Europe. At that time of
year, most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter. For many, it
was the only time of year when they had a supply of fresh meat. In addition, most wine and beer made
during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
In Germany, people honored the pagan god Oden during the mid-winter holiday. Germans were terrified
of Oden, as they believed he made nocturnal flights through the sky to observe his people, and then
decide who would prosper or perish. Because of his presence, many people chose to stay inside.